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GB 43854-2024: Safety technical specification of lithium-ion battery for electric bicycle
GB 43854-2024
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 43.140
CCS Y 14
Safety technical specification of lithium-ion battery for
electric bicycle
ISSUED ON: APRIL 25, 2024
IMPLEMENTED ON: NOVEMBER 1, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 5
4 Symbols ... 5
5 Safety requirements ... 5
6 Test methods ... 10
7 Type test ... 20
Appendix A (Normative) Test method for flame retardancy of wires ... 23
References ... 25
Safety technical specification of lithium-ion battery for
electric bicycle
1 Scope
This document specifies the electrical safety, mechanical safety, environmental safety
and other requirements for lithium-ion battery cells and battery packs for electric
bicycles, and describes the corresponding test methods.
This document applies to lithium-ion battery cells and battery packs (hereinafter
referred to as cells and batteries) for electric bicycles that comply with the provisions
of GB 17761.
2 Normative references
The provisions of the following documents constitute the essential clauses of this
document through normative references in this text. Among them, for referenced
documents with dates, only the versions corresponding to the dates are applicable to
this document; for referenced documents without dates, the latest versions (including
all amendments) are applicable to this document.
GB/T 2423.4-2008 Environmental testing for electric and electronic products - Part
2: Test method - Test Db: Damp heat, cyclic (12h+12h cycle)
GB/T 2423.18-2021 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Kb: Salt
mist, cyclic (sodium chloride solution)
GB/T 5169.5-2020 Fire hazard testing for electric and electronic products - Part 5:
Test flames - Needle-flame test method - Apparatus, confirmatory test arrangement
and guidance
GB/T 5169.16 Fire hazard testing for electric and electronic products - Part 16: Test
flames - 50W horizontal and vertical flame test methods
GB/T 17626.2 Electromagnetic compatibility - Testing and measurement
techniques - Electrostatic discharge immunity test
GB 17761 Safety technical specification for electric bicycle
GB/T 36945-2018 Vocabulary of lithium-ion batteries for electric bicycle
5.2.2.4 Free fall
When tested according to the test method in 6.4.2.4, the battery shall not catch fire or
explode.
5.2.2.5 Hander strength
When tested according to the test method in 6.4.2.5, the hander of the battery shall not
break, and the connection between the handle and the case shall not crack or fall off.
5.2.3 Environmental safety
5.2.3.1 Low pressure
When tested according to the test method in 6.4.3.1, the battery shall not leak, rupture,
catch fire or explode.
5.2.3.2 Temperature cycle
When tested according to the test method in 6.4.3.2, the battery shall not leak, rupture,
catch fire or explode.
5.2.3.3 Water immersion
When tested according to the test method in 6.4.3.3, the battery shall not leak, rupture,
catch fire or explode.
5.2.3.4 Salt spray
When tested according to the test method in 6.4.3.4, the battery shall not leak, rupture,
catch fire or explode, and the insulation resistance BETWEEN the positive and negative
electrodes of the battery AND the casing shall be greater than or equal to 1 MΩ.
5.2.3.5 Damp heat cycle
When tested according to the test method in 6.4.3.5, the battery shall not leak, rupture,
catch fire or explode, and the insulation resistance BETWEEN the positive and negative
electrodes of the battery AND the casing shall be greater than or equal to 1 MΩ.
5.2.3.6 Flame retardancy
When tested according to the test method of 6.4.3.6, the non-metallic casing of the
battery shall meet the requirements of V-0 level; the printed circuit board shall meet the
requirements of V-1 level; and the insulation of the wires shall not contribute to the
spread of flames.
5.2.4 Heat diffusion
When tested according to the test method in 6.4.4, the battery shall not catch fire or
explode within 5 minutes after the thermal runaway alarm is issued.
5.2.5 Mutual recognition and coordinated charging
The battery shall have the function of mutual recognition and coordinated charging with
the charging device.
When tested according to the test method in 6.4.5, the battery shall first be mutually
recognized and collaboratively identified with the charging device, and charging can
only begin after the mutual recognition and collaborative identification are passed.
5.2.6 Data collection
During the battery charging and discharging processes, at least the following data such
as cell voltage, battery total voltage, temperature, and current, shall be collected in real
time.
5.2.7 Marking
The battery shall be clearly and durably marked with at least the following marks in a
conspicuous location:
a) Production plant;
b) Product name and model;
c) Nominal voltage, rated capacity, limited charging voltage, end-of-discharge
voltage, and rated energy;
d) The positive and negative polarity signs that are in the form of "positive" or
"negative", or "+" or "-" symbols;
e) Production date or batch number;
f) Necessary safety warning instructions, examples are as follows:
Do not disassemble or modify the battery!
Do not use it if it is damaged or swollen!
Do not charge or use outside the permitted temperature range!
g) Maximum charging current, maximum discharging current, and operating
temperature range;
h) Safe service life, which shall indicate "The safe service life of the battery under
normal use conditions is × years";
simulated fault conditions (such as direct damage to the device) are considered to be
part of the fault conditions.
When a single fault is set, the single fault includes the failure of any component.
Reasonably foreseeable fault conditions shall be determined by checking the circuit
board, circuit diagram and component specifications. For example:
a) Short circuit or open circuit of any two pins of semiconductor devices (such
as protection switch tube);
b) Short circuit or open circuit of current limiting device (such as fuse);
c) Short circuit and open circuit of the capacitor;
d) Short circuit and open circuit of voltage limiting device.
6.2 Sample preparation
6.2.1 Cell sample preparation
6.2.1.1 Standard charging
If the company does not provide a charging method, the cell is charged using the
following method.
Before charging, the cell is discharged at a constant current of I2(A) to the end-of-
discharge voltage. Under the test environment of (23±2) ℃, charge at 0.4I2(A). When
the terminal voltage of the cell reaches the limited charging voltage, switch to constant
voltage charging until the charging current is less than or equal to 0.04I2(A), and then
let it stand for 0.5 h.
6.2.1.2 Standard discharge
Under the test environment of (23±2) ℃, after the cell is charged according to the
method in 6.2.1.1, it is discharged at a constant current of I2(A) to the end-of-discharge
voltage.
6.2.2 Battery sample preparation
6.2.2.1 Standard charging
If the company does not provide a charging method, the battery is charged using the
following method.
Before charging, the battery is discharged at a constant current of I2(A) to the end-of-
discharge voltage. Under the test environment of (23±2) ℃, it is charged at 0.4I2(A).
When the terminal voltage of the battery reaches the limited charging voltage, it is
switched to constant voltage charging until the charging current is less than or equal to
0.04I2(A), and then left to stand for 0.5 h.
6.2.2.2 Standard discharge
Under the test environment of (23±2) ℃, after the battery is charged according to the
method in 6.2.2.1, it is discharged at a constant current of I2(A) to the end-of-discharge
voltage.
6.2.2.3 I2(A) discharge
In an environment of (23±2) ℃, charge the battery according to the method in 6.2.2.1,
and then discharge it at a constant current of I2(A) to the end-of-discharge voltage.
Repeat the above test 3 times. Record the actual discharge capacity of the battery for 3
times.
The actual discharge capacity of the battery shall reach the rated capacity within 3 times,
otherwise it cannot be used as a sample for type test.
6.3 Cell safety test
6.3.1 Overcharge test
After the cell is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.1.1, use a DC power
supply to charge at a current of I2(A) to 1.5 times the limited charging voltage or the
total charging time reaches 1.5 h, stop charging, and then let it stand for 6 h.
6.3.2 Over discharge test
After the cell is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.1.1, discharge it at a
current of 2I2(A) for a total of 90 min and then leave it to stand for 1 hour.
6.3.3 External short circuit test
After the cell is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.1.1, connect the
positive and negative terminals of the cell with a conductor with an external resistance
of (20±5) mΩ and keep it for 1 hour, then leave it to stand for 6 hours.
6.3.4 Thermal abuse test
After the cell is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.1.1, it is placed in a
test chamber and then heated at a rate of (5±2) ℃/min. When the temperature in the
chamber reaches (130±2) ℃, it is kept constant for 60 min.
6.3.5 Acupuncture test
After the cell is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.1.1, use a high-
The test shall be carried out under normal operating conditions of the battery and single
fault conditions of the discharge protection components (discharge circuit protection
switch tube, fuse, etc.) respectively.
6.4.1.5 Overcurrent discharge test
After the battery is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.2.1, it is discharged
at 1.5 times the maximum discharge current specified by the manufacturer for a total of
2 h.
The test shall be carried out under normal operating conditions of the battery and single
fault conditions of the discharge protection components (discharge circuit protection
switch tube, fuse, etc.) respectively.
6.4.1.6 Temperature protection test
After the battery has been discharged in accordance with the test method in 6.2.2.2, it
shall be placed for 8 h at the maximum charging temperature specified by the
manufacturer or at 55 °C (whichever is higher) plus 5 °C. It shall then be charged with
the maximum charging current specified by the manufacturer and maintained for 10
min. It shall then be left to stand for 6 h.
After the battery has been discharged in accordance with the test method in 6.2.2.2, it
shall be placed for 16 hours at the lowest charging temperature specified by the
manufacturer or 0 ℃ (whichever is lower) minus 5 ℃, then charged with the maximum
charging current specified by the manufacturer and maintained for 10 minutes, and then
left to stand for 6 hours.
6.4.1.7 Insulation resistance test
After the battery is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.2.1, use an
insulation resistance measuring device, apply a DC voltage of 500 V, and test the
insulation resistance between the positive electrode and the case, and between the
negative electrode and the case of the battery.
NOTE: The accessible parts of the case are made of insulating material and are covered with metal foil.
6.4.2 Mechanical safety
6.4.2.1 Extrusion test
After the battery is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.2.1, it is placed in
the middle of a flat steel plate on one side and a special-shaped steel plate on the other
side (as shown in Figure 1). The radius of the semi-cylindrical extrusion head of the
special-shaped plate is 75 mm, and the length of the semi-cylinder is greater than the
size of the extruded battery, but not more than 1 m.
After the battery is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.2.1, it is stored in
an environment with a temperature of (72±2) ℃ for 6 hours, and then stored in an
environment with a temperature of (-40±2) ℃ for 6 hours. The conversion time between
the two temperatures shall not exceed 30 minutes. The above steps are repeated for a
total of 10 cycles. Then the battery is stored in an environment with a temperature of
(20±5) ℃ for 24 hours.
6.4.3.3 Water immersion test
After the battery is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.2.1, it is immersed
in a water tank at a temperature of (20±5) ℃ (based on the water submerging the top
of the battery) for 48 hours, and then taken out and left to stand for 4 hours.
6.4.3.4 Salt spray test
After the battery is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.2.1, it is tested
according to test method 3 in GB/T 2423.18-2021. After the test, observe for 2 hours,
and then perform a standard discharge and a standard charge. Then, use a DC voltage
of 500 V to test the insulation resistance between the positive electrode and the case,
and between the negative electrode and the case of the battery.
6.4.3.5 Damp heat cycle test
The battery is fully charged according to the test method in 6.2.2.1, it is placed in an
alternating temperature environment and tested according to the test method 2 of GB/T
2423.4-2008, being performed with a maximum temperature of 65 °C and five cycles.
After the test, observe for 2 hours and then perform one standard discharge and a
standard charge. Then, use a DC voltage of 500 V to test the insulation resistance
between the positive electrode and the case, and between the negative electrode and the
case of the battery.
6.4.3.6 Flame retardancy test
The non-metallic case and printed circuit board of the battery shall be tested in
accordance with GB/T 5169.16; the wires shall be tested in accordance with Appendix
A.
6.4.4 Thermal diffusion test
6.4.4.1 Trigger method
Heating or overcharging is recommended as an optional method for thermal diffusion
testing. Either method can be selected, but the sele...