GB/T 14230-2021 English PDF (GB/T14230-2021)

GB/T 14230-2021: Test method of tooth bending strength for gear load capacity
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GB/T 14230-2021
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 21.200
CCS J 17
Replacing GB/T 14230-1993
Test method of tooth bending strength for gear load capacity
ISSUED ON. MAY 21, 2021
IMPLEMENTED ON. DECEMBER 01, 2021
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
National Standardization Administration.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 4
1 Scope... 6
2 Normative references... 6
3 Terms, definitions, codes... 7
4 Test principle... 9
5 Test purpose... 11
5.1 Basic data determination... 11
5.2 Performance comparison... 11
5.3 Others... 12
6 Test type... 12
6.1 General... 12
6.2 Running type test... 12
6.3 Pulsating type test... 13
7 Test method... 14
7.1 General... 14
7.2 Conventional grouping method... 14
7.3 Few-point combination method... 15
7.4 Up-down load change method... 16
7.5 Step loading method... 17
7.6 Other methods... 18
7.7 Comparison of various test methods... 18
8 Test equipment... 19
8.1 Test machine... 19
8.2 Test gear... 21
9 Failure criteria... 23
10 Test procedure... 24
10.1 Preparation... 24
10.2 Preliminary test... 24
10.3 Formal test... 24
Test method of tooth bending strength for gear load capacity
1 Scope
This document specifies the principle, purpose, type, method, equipment, failure
criteria, procedure, data processing, test report of the bending fatigue strength test of
the tooth root of involute cylindrical gears.
This document is applicable to the basic data required for the design of the bending
fatigue bearing capacity of the tooth root of involute cylindrical gears, which are made
of steel or cast iron; it is also applicable to the comparative analysis of the bending
fatigue performance of gears under conditions of different materials, different processes,
different shaping methods, etc. Similar tests of gears made of other materials or non-
involute gears can make reference to this standard.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute the essential terms of this document
through normative references in the text. Among them, for the referenced documents
with dates, only the versions corresponding to the dates are applicable to this document;
for the referenced documents without dates, the latest versions (including all
amendments) are applicable to this document.
GB/T 1356 Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering - Standard basic
rack tooth profile
GB/T 3358.1 Statistics - Vocabulary and symbols - Part 1.General statistical terms
and terms used in probability
GB/T 3480.1 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 1.Basic
principles, introduction and general influence factors
GB/T 3480.3 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 3.
Calculation of tooth bending strength
GB/T 10095 (all parts) Cylindrical gears - System of accuracy
GB/T 25917.1 Uniaxial fatigue testing systems - Part 1.Calibration of dynamic
force
JB/T 8831 Methods for oil selection of industrial enclosed gears
certain statistical significance, only when enough test data is obtained. Therefore, in
practical applications, if only limited test data points can be used for analysis or
comparison, the test process shall be strictly controlled and the limitations of the
conclusions shall be noted.
5 Test purpose
5.1 Basic data determination
When a specific material and a specific process are used to process the test gear, the
bending fatigue limit stress or S-N curve of the gear can be obtained by processing the
test data, which can be used as the basic value of the strength design of the material and
process. The specific requirements are as follows.
a) For high-cycle fatigue life design, the durability fatigue limit stress shall be
determined;
b) For limited life design, the S-N curve of the corresponding life interval shall be
determined;
c) When a) and b) are required at the same time or there is no clear requirement, the
complete S-N curve shall be determined. The test method is as shown in Chapter
7.
5.2 Performance comparison
5.2.1 When different materials or different processes are used to process the test gear,
the influence of different factors on the bending fatigue strength of the gear can be
evaluated by processing the test data. These factors include but are not limited to.
- Gear material;
- Gear heat treatment;
- Gear geometry;
- Processing flow;
- Tooth root machining (gear hobbing, gear shaping, gear milling, etc.);
- Tooth root surface treatment (shot peening, super finishing, plating, etc.);
- Operating temperature;
- Lubricating oil.
Where.
Ft - Nominal tangential force on the inner pitch circle of the test gear end face, in
Newton (N);
KA - Use factor;
Kγ - Load distribution factor, in this document Kγ = 1;
Kv - Dynamic load factor;
KFα - Inter-tooth load distribution factor in bending strength calculation;
KFβ - Helix load distribution factor in bending strength calculation;
YF - Tooth profile factor;
YS - Stress correction factor;
Yβ - Helix angle factor in bending strength calculation;
YB - Rim thickness factor;
YDT - Tooth height factor;
b - Working tooth width, in millimeters (mm);
mn - Normal module, in millimeters (mm);
YST - Stress correction factor related to the standard test gear size;
Yδ rel T - Relative root fillet sensitivity coefficient;
YR rel T - Relative root surface condition coefficient;
YX - Dimension coefficient for bending strength calculation.
6.3 Pulsating type test
6.3.1 In the test, a set pulsating load is applied to the effective involute position of the
test gear tooth close to the tooth top. The test is repeated a certain number of times until
the tooth root fails, due to bending fatigue, or exceeds the limit, then the test is
terminated and a life data of the gear tooth under the test stress is obtained.
6.3.2 The test gear is not meshed, meanwhile the load is only applied to the test gear
teeth. Several test points can be obtained for each test gear; however, the selected test
gear teeth shall be at least one gear tooth apart from the gear teeth (including supporting
teeth) that are subjected to the load.
8.1.2.1.2 The following preparations shall be made before use.
a) Test the frequency meter, counter, load stability; it shall have calibration records;
b) Regularly calibrate the static load and dynamic load in accordance with GB/T
25917.1.
8.1.2.2 Fixture requirements
The design of the fixture shall be determined according to the test requirements and test
gear parameters (see Appendix A) and meet the following requirements.
a) It has sufficient rigidity and can reliably support the test gear;
b) It ensures that the load acts on the tooth surface close to the effective involute of
the tooth top; meanwhile the exact position of the load action point E can be
determined;
c) It ensures that the load action line applied to the tooth is tangent to the base circle
of the test gear;
d) It ensures that the load is evenly distributed along the helical direction, which can
be achieved through the flexible design of the loading head, the adaptive design
of the support mechanism and strict adjustment, meanwhile verified by
indentation observation, fracture morphology observation or loading head strain
test;
e) The width of the loading head is greater than the test gear tooth width; the hardness
is higher than the test gear tooth surface hardness.
8.2 Test gear
8.2.1 Main parameters
8.2.1.1 For basic data test of gear (or gear material), it should select cylindrical gear
with module number mn = 2 mm ~ 6 mm. The accuracy shall meet the requirements of
level 5 ~ 7 in GB/T 10095 (all parts); the basic tooth profile shall meet the requirements
of GB/T 1356.The parameter range in Table 3 can be selected first; the parameter
matching shall avoid fatigue pitting or bonding during the test.
8.2.1.2 If conditions permit, the test gear can also be designed similarly according to
the product gear parameters and actual operating conditions. During the manufacturing
process, there shall be no grinding step at the connection between the tooth profile
involute and the tooth root transition curve (except when the grinding step affects the
bending fatigue test); the manufacturing process of the same test gear shall be the same,
to ensure the consistency of the test gear performance.
10 Test procedure
10.1 Preparation
10.1.1 Determine the purpose of the test; formulate the test plan according to the test
gear manufacturing and inspection technical documents; select the test type and
determine the test method.
10.1.2 After cleaning the test gear, visually inspect that there shall be no machining
marks or other forms of damage on the root transition curve, then the test gear and its
gear teeth shall be numbered.
10.1.3 Calibrate the testing machine.
10.1.4 Install the test gear according to the requirements of the test machine and fixture.
10.2 Preliminary test
10.2.1 Perform no-load/low-load test operation; observe the operation status; check the
contact spots or indentations; ensure that the helical direction is loaded evenly.
10.2.2 For the running type test, perform a certain number of running-in tests at a load
value lower than 50% of the estimated bending fatigue limit stress.
10.2.3 According to the requirements of Chapter 7, divide the test stress level; perform
verification tests at 1 or 2 test points for each stress level, to determine the rationality
of the stress level setting.
10.3 Formal test
10.3.1 The formal test shall be started according to the stress level determined by the
preliminary test.
10.3.2 During the test, attention shall be paid to the operation of the test machine;
meanwhile the quality, flow rate, temperature of the lubricating oil shall be monitored.
For the running type test machine that cannot change the load during the test, it shall
monitor the load change, shutdown the machine at any time according to the degree of
load loss, adjust and restore the load, keep detailed records.
10.3.3 During the test, it shall determine the inspection time interval according to the
stress of the test gear, observe the damage of the tooth root. The time interval gradually
decreases as the test progresses. During the test.
- For running type tests. When slight pitting, normal wear, slight bonding, etc. occur,
these changes shall be carefully recorded, to evaluate their impact on the bending
fatigue test; meanwhile it shall improve the lubrication and operating conditions,
to eliminate or slow down the development of non-bending fatigue damage. When
moderate or severe wear, bonding or pitting occurs, it shall be judged as non-
bending fatigue failure; this data shall not be used as a test point.
- For pulsating tests. Attention shall be paid to the impact of plastic deformation or
micro-wear of the loading head on the load application; the head shall be replaced
in time.
10.3.4 Accurately record the number of test cycles; retain the test gear and broken tooth
fragments, to prepare for failure analysis.
10.4 Supplementation and elimination of test points
10.4.1 Supplementation
10.4.1.1 When using the conventional grouping method, distribution inspection shall
be carried out after the test points of the same stress level are completed. If the linear
correlation coefficient of the distribution function cannot meet the minimum value
requirement (see 11.1.3), additional test points shall be added. For normal distribution,
the t distribution theory can be used to determine the minimum number of valid test
points.
10.4.1.2 When using the up-down load change method, the data stability test shall be
carried out in time for the number of test points. The stability error of the last four
consecutive test points should be less than 0.5%. If the stability error cannot meet the
requirements, additional test points shall be added.
10.4.1.3 When using other test methods, the statistical analysis of the test points shall
be combined, to determine whether the test results have sufficient data support.
10.4.2 Elimination
10.4.2.1 When the number of cycles of a certain test point is suspicious, the statistical
processing method for suspicious data can be used to make decision. For normal
distribution, the Chauvigne criterion, Grubbs method, etc. shall be used.
10.4.2.2 When the number of cycles of a certain test point is judged to be too large
according to the method selected in 10.4.2.1, further analysis shall be conducted to
determine whether the loading of the test point is incorrect. If so, the test point shall be
eliminated.
10.4.2.3 When the number of cycles of a test point is judged to be too small according
to the method selected in 10.4.2.1, it shall be checked whether the test gear fails due to
GB/T 14230-2021
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 21.200
CCS J 17
Replacing GB/T 14230-1993
Test method of tooth bending strength for gear load capacity
ISSUED ON. MAY 21, 2021
IMPLEMENTED ON. DECEMBER 01, 2021
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
National Standardization Administration.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 4
1 Scope... 6
2 Normative references... 6
3 Terms, definitions, codes... 7
4 Test principle... 9
5 Test purpose... 11
5.1 Basic data determination... 11
5.2 Performance comparison... 11
5.3 Others... 12
6 Test type... 12
6.1 General... 12
6.2 Running type test... 12
6.3 Pulsating type test... 13
7 Test method... 14
7.1 General... 14
7.2 Conventional grouping method... 14
7.3 Few-point combination method... 15
7.4 Up-down load change method... 16
7.5 Step loading method... 17
7.6 Other methods... 18
7.7 Comparison of various test methods... 18
8 Test equipment... 19
8.1 Test machine... 19
8.2 Test gear... 21
9 Failure criteria... 23
10 Test procedure... 24 <...